time have caused a permanent blemish here and there, there need be little doubt concerning the preservation of the original text in the rest of the material by one or more of the extant witnesses. The Hebrew text of Joel is well preserved. The notes will indicate the specific areas of disagreement among textual scholars. In the course of the commentary, the alteration of the MT has been judged advisable in four instances. At 2:23 kāriʾshôn is read with one Hebrew ms. and G V S: it is assumed that in